Dry eyes are a common issue, affecting over 16 million adults in the U.S., and they happen when your eyes don’t make enough quality tears. This can lead to discomfort, burning, redness, and even blurred vision. Causes range from screen time and dry air to aging, hormonal changes, and certain medications. Left untreated, dry eyes can worsen and impact your daily life.
Quick Takeaways:
- Main Causes: Screen use, low humidity, aging, hormonal shifts, medications, and health conditions like Sjögren’s syndrome.
- Symptoms: Burning, redness, blurred vision, light sensitivity, and even excessive tearing.
- Solutions:
Dry eyes can be managed effectively with early intervention and the right combination of treatments. If symptoms persist, consult an eye doctor to explore advanced options.
Doctor explains DRY EYE | Causes, treatment and a demonstration of how to correctly apply eye drops
What Causes Dry Eyes
Dry eyes can result from a variety of factors that are often part of our daily routines. Recognizing these causes can help you pinpoint triggers and better manage your symptoms. Let’s break down the main contributors.
Climate and Air Quality
The environment around you plays a big role in the development of dry eyes. Low humidity speeds up tear evaporation, making it harder for your eyes to stay hydrated. This is especially noticeable during winter, when indoor heating reduces moisture levels. Wind – whether from a gusty day outside or air from a fan or air conditioning – can also dry out your eyes.
Take Northern Colorado, for instance. Its high altitude, dry climate, and reliance on indoor heating during winter create a perfect storm for eye dryness. Add in wildfire smoke, air pollution from traffic or industry, and seasonal allergens like pollen, and you’ve got a mix that can irritate your eyes and cause inflammation.
Screen Time and Reduced Blinking
Our heavy use of computers, tablets, and smartphones is another common culprit. When you focus on screens, you tend to blink less often. Blinking is essential because it spreads tears evenly across your eyes. Spending long hours staring at screens can lead to what’s known as computer vision syndrome, and dry eyes are one of its hallmark symptoms.
Age, Hormones, and Medications
As we age, tear production naturally decreases. This becomes more noticeable in your 50s, and hormonal changes can make the issue even more pronounced. Women, in particular, may experience dry eyes due to menopause or pregnancy-related hormonal shifts.
Certain medications can also interfere with tear production. Antihistamines, often used for allergies, are a common example. Others, like selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) for depression, blood pressure medications, decongestants, birth control pills, and hormone replacement therapies, can also contribute to dryness.
Medical Conditions
Underlying health issues can significantly impact tear production. Autoimmune disorders like Sjögren’s syndrome directly attack the glands responsible for producing tears and saliva, leading to severe dryness. Other conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis and lupus, can also cause inflammation that reduces tear production.
Metabolic conditions like diabetes may damage the small blood vessels that supply tear-producing glands, while thyroid disorders – whether overactive or underactive – can interfere with normal tear function. Though rare in the U.S., vitamin A deficiency can result in severe dryness, particularly in people with absorption issues or restrictive diets. Additionally, rosacea, a condition often associated with facial redness, can affect the eyelids and block oil glands, which are crucial for slowing tear evaporation.
Contact Lenses and Eye Surgery
Contact lenses can sometimes dry out your eyes. The lenses may absorb moisture from the eye’s surface, and protein deposits that build up on the lenses over time can cause irritation. Taking breaks from wearing contacts can help your eyes retain their natural moisture.
Eye surgeries, like LASIK, can temporarily disrupt the corneal nerves that signal the need for more tears. Many people experience dry eyes after such procedures, though symptoms usually improve as nerve function recovers. However, if you already had mild dryness before surgery, the symptoms might persist longer. Similarly, cataract surgery and other eye procedures can temporarily reduce tear production, with improvements typically occurring within a few weeks or months.
Signs and Symptoms of Dry Eyes
Understanding the signs of dry eyes is key to addressing the discomfort and preventing it from interfering with daily life.
Common Symptoms
Dry eyes often bring a mix of unpleasant sensations, which can differ from person to person. A frequent complaint is a stinging, burning, or gritty feeling – like having sand trapped under your eyelids.
Another telltale sign is redness. Your eyes may appear bloodshot or irritated, particularly in the whites or along the inner eyelids. This occurs as your body increases blood flow in an attempt to combat dryness.
Blurred vision is another common issue, often fluctuating throughout the day. You might notice your vision clears temporarily after blinking a few times, only to blur again. This happens because the tear film, which helps focus light on the eye, becomes disrupted.
Sensitivity to light and eye fatigue can make everyday tasks more challenging. Bright environments, fluorescent office lights, or prolonged screen use might seem overwhelming, leaving you squinting or seeking dimmer spaces.
Interestingly, dry eyes can also cause excessive tearing, as your eyes try to compensate for dryness. However, these tears lack the oils and proteins necessary for proper lubrication, so the relief is brief.
How Dry Eyes Affect Daily Activities
Dry eyes can make even simple tasks feel exhausting. For instance, reading becomes frustrating when blurred vision forces you to blink constantly or reread lines.
Driving at night is particularly challenging. Oncoming headlights can create halos or glare, while wind from open windows or air conditioning can worsen dryness during longer trips.
If you spend hours in front of a screen, computer work can feel unbearable as the day goes on. Reduced blinking during screen time worsens dryness, creating a cycle of irritation and discomfort that peaks by late afternoon.
For those who wear contact lenses, dry eyes can make them almost unbearable. The lenses may feel uncomfortable within minutes or fail to stay in place on the eye’s surface.
Even outdoor activities can trigger flare-ups. Windy weather or dry environments – whether you’re gardening, hiking, or just walking – can leave your eyes feeling raw and irritated.
Sleep might not offer relief either. Some people wake up with their eyelids sticking to their eyes, a result of reduced tear production during the night.
When to See an Eye Doctor
If symptoms persist or worsen, seeking professional help is essential. While mild dry eyes might improve with over-the-counter remedies, certain signs should prompt a visit to an eye doctor.
Severe pain that goes beyond typical discomfort is a red flag. If dryness is accompanied by significant pain, it could point to a more serious issue requiring immediate attention.
Vision problems that don’t improve with blinking or artificial tears also need evaluation. Any sudden or lasting changes in clarity should be addressed promptly.
Eye discharge, especially if it’s thick, colored, or crusty, could indicate an infection or another condition needing treatment.
If symptoms are disrupting your daily life, such as making work, driving, or other activities difficult, it’s time to consult a professional.
Additionally, recurring episodes of dry eyes, even if they seem to resolve temporarily, may signal an underlying condition that requires proper diagnosis and treatment.
For those who notice dry eye symptoms after starting a new medication, it’s worth discussing this with both your prescribing doctor and your eye care provider. Adjustments to your treatment plan or additional therapies might help manage these side effects.
Recognizing these signs early allows for timely care and relief, helping you get back to your routine more comfortably.
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Treatment Options for Dry Eyes
Finding relief for dry eyes can range from simple home remedies to advanced medical procedures. Various treatments are available depending on the severity and underlying causes, offering a spectrum of solutions to manage symptoms effectively.
Simple Lifestyle Changes
Small daily adjustments can make a big difference in managing dry eyes by addressing environmental triggers and supporting natural tear production.
- Increase indoor humidity: Using a humidifier, especially during the dry winter months, can help prevent tears from evaporating too quickly. Place one in your bedroom or main living areas for consistent moisture.
- Follow the 20-20-20 rule: To reduce eye strain, every 20 minutes, look at something 20 feet away for 20 seconds. This simple practice can help maintain a normal blink rate and reduce dryness from prolonged screen use.
- Wear wraparound sunglasses: These provide a barrier against wind and dry air. Opt for sunglasses that block 100% of UV rays and fit snugly, especially during outdoor activities like cycling or hiking.
- Stay hydrated: Drinking about 8 glasses of water daily helps support tear production. Adjust your intake based on your activity level and climate.
- Improve indoor air quality: Avoid direct airflow from fans, air conditioners, or heaters, and consider using air purifiers to reduce dust and allergens that can irritate your eyes.
These simple changes create a solid foundation for managing dry eyes and may reduce the need for further interventions.
Over-the-Counter Eye Drops
If lifestyle changes aren’t enough, over-the-counter eye drops can help restore moisture and provide additional relief.
- Artificial tears: These are often the first choice for dry eyes. Preservative-free options are ideal for frequent use, as they minimize irritation. Single-use vials are widely available and convenient.
- Lubricating gels: These offer longer-lasting relief, making them a good option for nighttime use or extended activities. However, they may temporarily blur vision.
- Nighttime ointments: Designed for use before bed, these provide intensive moisture to combat dryness that often worsens overnight.
If you find yourself relying on over-the-counter drops more often than recommended, it might be time to consult an eye care professional for prescription treatments.
Prescription Treatments
For persistent dry eyes that don’t improve with over-the-counter solutions, prescription medications can address underlying inflammation.
- Cyclosporine (Restasis): This FDA-approved treatment reduces inflammation on the eye’s surface and helps promote natural tear production. Most patients notice improvement after several months of consistent use.
- Lifitegrast (Xiidra): A newer medication that blocks inflammatory signals in the eye. Some patients report relief within a few weeks, though it’s typically used twice daily for optimal results.
Both medications may cause mild side effects like burning or altered taste, which often subside as your eyes adjust. Your eye doctor will monitor your progress and tailor the treatment plan to your needs.
Medical Procedures
For chronic cases that don’t respond to lifestyle changes or medications, medical procedures can target the root causes of dry eyes.
- Punctal plugs: These tiny devices are inserted into the tear ducts to retain moisture on the eye’s surface. They can provide immediate relief by reducing tear drainage.
- LipiFlow Thermal Pulsation System: This procedure treats meibomian gland dysfunction by applying controlled heat and gentle pressure to the inner eyelid, stimulating natural oil production. This improves tear film quality and reduces tear evaporation.
- Intense Pulsed Light (IPL): Using broad-spectrum light therapy, IPL addresses inflammation and treats conditions like meibomian gland dysfunction and rosacea. A typical course involves four sessions spaced 2–4 weeks apart, followed by maintenance treatments every 6–12 months. Each session lasts about 10–15 minutes and is often paired with meibomian gland expression for enhanced results.
Combining these advanced treatments with proper at-home care can provide long-term relief. Your eye care provider can guide you toward the best combination of options for your specific situation.
Comparing Dry Eye Treatments
Choosing the right dry eye treatment depends on your symptoms, budget, and personal needs. By understanding how different treatments compare, you can make a more informed decision about what works best for you.
Here’s a quick breakdown of the options:
Treatment Comparison Chart
| Treatment Type | Cost Range (USD) | Relief Duration | Effectiveness | Accessibility | Best For |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lifestyle Changes | $0 – $100 | Ongoing | Moderate | High | Preventing or managing mild symptoms |
| Artificial Tears | $5 – $25/month | 1-4 hours | Moderate | Very High | Occasional dryness |
| Lubricating Gels | $8 – $30/month | 4-8 hours | Moderate-High | High | Nighttime relief |
| Cyclosporine (Restasis) | $300 – $500/month | Long-term | High | Moderate | Chronic inflammation |
| Lifitegrast (Xiidra) | $350 – $600/month | Long-term | High | Moderate | Inflammatory dry eye |
| Punctal Plugs | $300 – $800 per procedure | 6-12 months | High | Moderate | Tear retention issues |
| LipiFlow | $1,200 – $1,800 per treatment | 12-24 months | Very High | Low | Meibomian gland dysfunction |
| IPL Therapy | $1,500 – $3,000 for full course | 12-18 months | Very High | Low | Severe MGD, rosacea-related |
This chart highlights how different treatments align with symptom severity, cost, and accessibility, helping you weigh your options.
Key Considerations
- Cost and Coverage: Prices can vary based on insurance coverage. Many prescription treatments require prior authorization, and advanced procedures are often not covered, meaning out-of-pocket costs can add up. However, investing in effective treatments could help reduce long-term expenses.
- Effectiveness and Timing: Over-the-counter (OTC) options like artificial tears provide quick but short-lived relief. Prescription medications often take 2–6 months to show full results, while advanced procedures can deliver noticeable improvement within weeks.
- Accessibility: OTC treatments are easy to find, but specialized procedures like LipiFlow or IPL require specific equipment and may involve traveling to a clinic.
Finding the Right Approach
For many people, a combination of treatments works best. Starting with lifestyle changes and OTC options is often the first step. If symptoms persist, adding prescription medications or advanced procedures can provide more lasting relief. Your eye care provider can guide you in creating a plan tailored to your symptoms and underlying causes.
Conclusion: Getting Relief from Dry Eyes
Dry eyes don’t have to take over your life. Understanding the root causes – whether it’s too much screen time, environmental factors, or underlying medical conditions – is the first step toward relief. Those irritating symptoms like redness, dryness, or blurry vision are your eyes’ way of signaling that they need some care.
There are plenty of treatment options available. Simple changes like taking regular breaks from screens, using a humidifier, or applying artificial tears can often bring quick relief. For more stubborn cases, prescription treatments such as Restasis or Xiidra, or advanced procedures like punctal plugs or LipiFlow therapy, can provide longer-lasting solutions.
The key is catching the problem early. Addressing dry eyes promptly can prevent it from getting worse and help you avoid complications down the road. At the Eye Center of Northern Colorado, our team of fellowship-trained specialists takes a personalized approach to care. Whether you need a thorough eye exam or advanced treatment options, we’ll work with you to pinpoint the cause and find the right solution.
Don’t let dry eyes hold you back. A professional evaluation can uncover hidden issues and help you regain the comfort and clarity you’ve been missing. Your eyes deserve the care and attention that can make all the difference.
FAQs
How can I tell if my dry eyes are caused by environmental factors or a medical condition?
Dry eyes can stem from a variety of causes, ranging from external factors to underlying health conditions. External triggers, such as wind, dry air, air conditioning, or spending long hours in front of screens, often lead to temporary dryness by speeding up tear evaporation. Meanwhile, chronic dry eye issues are frequently linked to medical conditions like autoimmune disorders, hormonal shifts, or the side effects of certain medications. These cases often bring added symptoms like inflammation or other systemic issues.
To figure out what might be causing your dry eyes, think about your recent activities, environment, and any changes in your overall health. For a proper diagnosis and personalized treatment plan, it’s a good idea to visit an eye care professional. They can perform a detailed assessment and review your medical history to pinpoint the root of the problem.
What happens if dry eyes are left untreated, and how could it affect my daily life?
Leaving dry eyes untreated isn’t just uncomfortable – it can lead to serious problems. Chronic eye inflammation, corneal damage, and even vision loss are potential risks. Over time, these complications can make everyday tasks like reading, driving, or working on a computer much harder.
Dry eyes can also cause blurred vision that comes and goes, constant irritation, and a higher chance of developing eye infections. All of this can take a toll on your comfort, productivity, and overall well-being. Addressing dry eyes early is key to avoiding these issues and keeping your eyes in good shape.
What are the best ways to manage dry eyes caused by screen time?
Spending long hours in front of a screen can leave your eyes feeling dry and irritated. One simple way to combat this is by following the 20-20-20 rule: every 20 minutes, take a 20-second break and focus on something at least 20 feet away. This quick habit can ease eye strain and help keep your eyes feeling refreshed.
You can also try a few other tricks to keep dryness at bay. Make a conscious effort to blink more often – staring at screens tends to reduce blinking, which can dry out your eyes. Adjust your screen so it’s slightly below eye level; this position can help reduce tear evaporation. Lastly, consider using a humidifier to add moisture to the air around you. These small changes can go a long way in keeping your eyes comfortable during long stretches of screen time.
